Glossary

• Active audience: audiences who actively engage in selecting media products to consume and interpret their meanings.

• Audience Categorisation: how media producers group audiences (e.g. by age, gender,
  ethnicity) to target their products.

• Code: a system that uses signs or symbols to convey meaning. 

• Connotation:  the suggested meanings attached to a sign, e.g., the red car
  in the advert suggests speed and power.

• Convention: what the audience expects to see in a particular media text. 

• Crane: any photograph taken using a camera mounted on an automated crane that can lift the camera into the air and move it in any direction. 

• Cross-cutting:going back and forth between scenes in video editing, which frequently gives the impression that events taking place in many locations are happening simultaneously. 

• Cut:a sudden, generally unimportant change in a movie from one scene to another.

• Decode: to translate a coded communication into understandable form. 

• Denotation:aspect of the sign that has a direct relationship with something real (the referent). 

• Desensitization: audience is frequently exposed to graphic or violent material. 

• Diegetic Sounds: sound that comes from the fictional world and can be seen, for example the sound of a gun firing, the cereal being poured into the bowl in an advert, etc.

• Dissolve: a picture-to-picture editing shift that is progressive.

• Diversification: where media organisations who have specialised in producing media products in one form move into producing content across a range of forms. 

• Dolly: the camera may follow a topic while moving forward, behind it, or beside it. 

• Encode: to change a communication system to a different one. 

• Fade: a method of transition or opening shot used by film editors to gradually introduce viewers to fresh visuals rather than cutting abruptly between scenes. 

• Flashback: a literary device used to insert older events into a chronologically ordered chain of events. 

• Genre: media texts can be grouped into genres that all share similar conventions. 

• Hypodermic needle theory: communication theory that contends the recipient fully and directly receives the intended message. 

• Iris: a method used more frequently to close or open scenes in silent movies and television, but occasionally to highlight one particular feature over all others. 

• Mass Audience: traditional idea of the audience as one large, homogenous group. 

• Media Language: the specific elements of a media product that communicate meanings to audiences. 

• Mise-en-scene: all elements in the frame. 

• Negotiated Reading: the audience is aware of a text's intent and implications, yet they may also reject particular portions. 

• Non-Diegetic Sounds: sound that is out of the shot. 

• Oppositional Reading: the audience doesn't understand the text's meaning and may even not pay attention to it. 

• Pan: the camera horizontally and move it around the scene in sweeping motions. 

• Passive audience: the idea (now widely regarded as outdated) that audiences do not actively engage with media products, but consume and accept the messages that producers communicate. 

• Preferred Reading: the content is understood by the audience exactly as the author intended; perhaps they share the same ideological viewpoint. 

• Representations: the way in which key sections of society are presented by the media, e.g. gender, race, age, the family, etc. 

• Reverse Shot: a cinematic device in which two characters are recorded separately from each other from various angles while appearing in the same scene. 

• Reverse Zoom: a method used in movies to alter how far away an object is from the camera affects how it appears from that object's perspective.

• Stereotypes: an exaggerated representation of someone or something. It is also where a certain group is associated with a certain set of characteristics. 

• Tilt: a vertical movement where the camera pivots but the base of the camera stays stationary.

• Track/Tracking: any shot in which there is a physical movement of the camera through the scene, whether it is sideways, forward, or backward.

• Zoom: when a camera's focus length is changed to make the subject appear to be getting closer or farther away.

Media Language

 Media Language 

The study of the interaction between media creators and consumers is known as media studies. Audiences perceive and comprehend the messages being transmitted using their comprehension of the media language, which they have learned from media producers, who utilise it to generate media products. 

Media language is the means through which a media text's audience is made aware of its meaning. 

One method media language functions is to communicate meaning through signals and symbols that are inferred from how a scene is staged and filmed. Images, words, and sounds combine to create media goods. The distribution platform chosen will determine how they are put together. You should be aware of how the platform and the form establish a template for production as different forms employ media language in various ways. 

Mise-en-scene 

The phrase "mise en scene" (sometimes spelled "mise-en-scene") comes from French theatre and roughly translates to "everything within the frame." Mise-en-scène is the stage design and actor placement for a theatrical or cinematic production. It includes both the visual arts (storyboarding, visual theme, and cinematography) and narrative storytelling (director) aspects of storytelling. 

Paused media products are frequently examined to determine how the components of the frame work together to convey meaning to the audience as part of the study of mise en scene. The initial purpose of studying mise en scene was to be able to name and analyse individual authors, or skilled and creative filmmakers, just based on how they used these aspects in a recognizable manner. 

—SET DESIGN 

A set's design can be categorised as realistic or stylistic. A realistic set design aims to replicate the environment as closely as possible. This could involve creating elaborate sets or doing on-location filming. A stylistically sound set will draw the audience's attention to itself in some way. This can be related to the story's genre. 

K-Drama: The Penthouse 

Realist set designs include components aiming to mimic real-world occurrences. Realisticism might be full or in part. Total realism refers to a set that is as lifelike as possible and has scenery, furniture, and other objects that reflect a real-life environment. 

—COSTUME 

A film's overall design cannot be complete without its costumes. Costume designers aim to imitate clothing by researching the attire and fashion of the time, or historical period, working within the director's vision for the movie. In essence, they dress actors to resemble (or more fully embody) their roles. 

K-Drama: Descendants Of The Sun 

K-Drama: Hotel Del Luna 

—PROPS 

Another phrase taken from the theatre is the abbreviation "prop," which stands for property. The term "prop" refers to an item in the background that has a purpose during the current activity. The narrative's plot or a cause-and-effect relationship is frequently directly connected to the employment of props. A prop may develop into a motif if it appears often in the story and is linked to one of the story's themes or lessons. 

K-Drama: Descendants Of The Sun 

—STAGING & COMPOSITION 

Visual composition describes how components within the frame have been placed to achieve a specific impact. Included in this are its placement within the frame and its connections to other frame elements. Individuals or objects can be considered elements. 

—COLOUR 

• Red – excitement, passion, danger, energy, and action. 

• Pink – love, kindness, and femininity. 

• Yellow – cheerfulness, happiness, optimism. 

• Orange –  playfulness and vibrancy. 

• Green – nature and money. 

• Blue – peaceful, tranquil, secure, and orderly. 

• White – purity or innocence. 

• Black – mystery, power, elegance, and sophistication. 

• Grey – neutrality and balance. 

• Brown – strength and reliability. 

—ACTING 

• Facial Expression 

A nonverbal communication technique that makes use of facial muscle movement. Facial expressions are a crucial component of communication since they show one's emotional state. 

• Body Language 

A selection of nonverbal cues you can employ to express your sentiments and intentions. Your posture, expressions on your face, and hand movements are a few examples. You may be able to detect concerns or feelings that go unspoken by using your ability to read and understand body language in others. 

• Vocal Qualities 

Voice quality is the distinct aural colouring of a person's voice, resulting from a range of laryngeal and supralaryngeal qualities, and flowing constantly through the person's speech. An individual's voice can be identified by the specific tone of spoken sounds they generate. 

CAMERA 

—CAMERA SHOT 

• Establishing Shot 

A long shot that is typically utilised at the start of a sequence in movies or videos to provide the viewer an overview of what will come next. 

• Extreme Long Shot 

A view from much further out, when, if any, humans can be seen at all, they are only little specks in the countryside. 

• Long Shot/Wide Shot 

A picture that depicts the subject in their environment. 

• Full shot 

A camera that captures a film image and allows your subject to completely fill the frame while yet preserving some of the background details. 

• Medium Shot 

A particular kind of photograph that focuses on the subject's upper body. 

• Medium Close-Up Shot 

A photograph that frames the subject's torso around halfway down from slightly above their head. 

• Close-Up Shot 

A kind of camera angle that gives a scene more emotion in movies and television. 

• Extreme Close-Up 

A closer, more intense angle of a close-up photograph that occasionally just reveals the subject's eyes. 

—CAMERA ANGLES 

• Overshot 

A camera position when the lens is above the subject's head and rear of the shoulder. 

• High Angle Shot 

A kind of cinematography where the subject is filmed while the camera is above it. 

• Eye-Level 

A shot in which the camera is exactly above the eye level of a character or characters. 

• Low Angle 

Any photograph taken at a camera angle that is low to the vertical axis. 

• Undershot 

When gazing up from beneath the subject with the camera in that position. 

—CAMERA MOVEMENT 

• Track/Tracking – any shot in which there is a physical movement of the camera through the scene, whether it is sideways, forward, or backward. 

• Pan – the camera horizontally and move it around the scene in sweeping motions. 

• Tilt – a vertical movement where the camera pivots but the base of the camera stays stationary. 

• Crane – any photograph taken using a camera mounted on an automated crane that can lift the camera into the air and move it in any direction. 

• Dolly – the camera may follow a topic while moving forward, behind it, or beside it. 

• Zoom – when a camera's focus length is changed to make the subject appear to be getting closer or farther away. 

• Reverse zoom – a method used in movies to alter how far away an object is from the camera affects how it appears from that object's perspective. 

EDITING 

The process of choosing and preparing written, visual, audio, and video media to transmit information is known as editing. In order to produce a correct, consistent, accurate, and comprehensive work, the editing process may comprise correction, condensation, organising, and other alterations. 

• Cut – a sudden, generally unimportant change in a movie from one scene to another. 

• Cross-cutting – going back and forth between scenes in video editing, which frequently gives the impression that events taking place in many locations are happening simultaneously. 

• Dissolve – a picture-to-picture editing shift that is progressive. 

• Reverse shot – begins with a view of a character, cuts to a shot of what or who the character is looking at (from the opposite perspective as in the first shot), and then returns to the first shot to reveal the character's response. 

• Iris – a method used more frequently to close or open scenes in silent movies and television, but occasionally to highlight one particular feature over all others. 

• Flashback – a literary device used to insert older events into a chronologically ordered chain of events. 

• Fade – a method of transition or opening shot used by film editors to gradually introduce viewers to fresh visuals rather than cutting abruptly between scenes. 

SOUND 

• Diegetic Sound 

Diegetic sound is defined as sound that comes from a video or film's universe. It might originate from either on- or off-screen, but it is always there at the same moment as the action. 

• Non-Diegetic Sound 

Non-diegetic sound is portrayed as emanating from an external source outside of the narrative realm. Our comprehension of the listening and viewing habits associated with movies determines whether a sound is diegetic or non-diegetic.